As Russia’s war against Ukraine enters its fifth year, assessments of the Russian economy remain sharply divided. Some analysts continue to anticipate a severe economic crisis, driven by sanctions, military spending, labour shortages, and declining energy revenues. Others point to Russia’s ability to sustain military operations, maintain macroeconomic stability, and
Over the past few years, we have witnessed an unprecedented transformation. Artificial intelligence is reshaping the world of work, globalisation is evolving under the pressure of geopolitical tensions and regionalised supply chains, while social media is profoundly influencing how younger generations build their identities, acquire knowledge, and engage with society.
The U.S.-Israeli military campaign against Iran demonstrated both the strengths and the limitations of contemporary American power in the Middle East. Operationally, the campaign delivered significant military effects. According to U.S. government assessments, coalition forces conducted more than 10,000 air sorties, struck over 130,000 targets, and substantially degraded Iran’s missile,
Despite the fragile ceasefire between the United States and Iran, the economic consequences of the Strait of Hormuz crisis continue to reverberate across global markets. The disruption of maritime traffic through one of the world’s most strategically significant waterways has immobilised roughly one-fifth of global oil exports and a comparable